Wednesday, April 4, 2007

TO KILL A MOCKING BIRD

BOOK REVIEW
Mª José Echevarría Meliá (5 F)

TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD
Book Title: “To Kill a mockingbird”
Author: Harper Lee
Publisher/Year: William Heinemann Ltd. /1960
Book type: Dramatic fictional novel
Pages: 301 pages
SUMMARY:
The novel “To Kill A Mockingbird” revolves around a young girl named Jean Louise Finch who goes by the nicknamed “Scout”. Scout experiences different events in her life that dramatically change it.
Scout and her brother Jem are being raised by their father, a lawyer named Atticus and a housekeeper named Calpurnia in a small town in the South, Maycomb. In the time described in the novel, in the South racism and discrimination towards black was a big issue.
The story begins when Scout is 6 years old, and her brother is about to enter the 5th grade. That summer the two children meet a new playmate, seven-year-old Dill, who has come from Mississippi to spend the summer with his Aunt Rachel. Dill is fascinated by the neighborhood gossip Mr. Arthur "Boo" Radley, a man in his thirties who has not been seen outside of his home in years mainly because of his oppresive upbringing. Spured on by Dill, Jem and Scout try to think of ways to lure Boo Radley out of his house, and they play games based on several stories they have heard about the Radley family. Their favourite part of the game is acting out an incident in which Boo Radley supposedly stabbed his father in the leg with a pair of scissors.
When fall comes, Scout enters the first grade. Because she has already taught herself how to read and write, Scout finds school a disappointment. Both she and Jem are intrigued, however, by the discovery that someone has been leaving small gifts in a knothole in one of the large oak trees on the corner of the Radley property.
Soon it is summer again, and Dill returns for another visit. The children's plans for making contact with Boo Radley grow riskier this year, and on Dill's last night in town they decide to sneak up into the Radley porch and spy on Boo through an open window. Jem goes first, but just as he reaches the window, Nathan Radley, Boo's brother, catches sight of the children and frightens them with a blast from his shotgun. In their get away, Jem leaves his trousers behind when they try to cross under a wire fence. That night Jem goes back to recover his pants and finds that someone has sewed them and left them carefully folded over the fence, as if someone was just waiting for his return.
By now Jem realizes that Boo Radley is not a monster after all, but has been playing along with the children's games. Scout does not realize this until the following winter, on the night that the house of their neighbour, Miss Maudie, burns to the ground. While Scout is standing outside in the cold watching the fire, someone sneaks up behind her and places a blanket around her shoulders. Later, Scout and Jem realize that there was only one person in town who was not already cooperating to put out the fire- Boo Radley. When Jem and Scout realize that Boo Radley is basically a kind person, their interest in the Radley family begins to disappear.
During this fall begins a trial. Scout’s father is the defense attorney for a black man, Tom Robinson, who is falsely accused of raping a white woman Mayella Ewell. At first the children care about the case only because it means that their friends have begun to call Atticus nasty names. This has a big effect on Scout. Nevertheless, Atticus warns both, Scout and Jem, that they mustn't fistfight against their friends because of these taunts. But before and during the trial Scout is being constantly teased by friends because her father is helping this black man. In these days Scout starts to see the racism that exists.
Despite the taunts, Scout manages to keep out of fights until Christmas day, when her least favorite cousin calls Atticus a "nigger-lover," and she responds by punching him. After this incident Scout and Jem begin to think that perhaps their father's hatred of violence is just a sign of weakness on his part. Their suspicions are supported by Atticus' dislike of hunting. Although both children have received air rifles for Christmas, their father shows them his disapproval. He warns them that they can shoot “all the bluejays they want if they can hit them, but remember that is a sin to kill a mockingbird”
Then one day a mad dog wanders into the neighbourhood and the sheriff calls on Atticus to kill the animal. The children learn for the first time that their "feeble" father was once the best marksman in Maycomb County, and had given up shooting because he disliked to be over the others in such dangerous advantatge.
It is summer again, Dill has returned to Maycomb to spend his summer holidays and the trial of Tom Robinson grows nearer. The three children become more aware of the strong feelings it has aroused in everyone in Maycomb.
Two nights before the trial is to start, a group of men come to the Finch house to tell Atticus about threats against Tom Robinson's life. Atticus spends the next night camped out at the jail to defend Tom against the mob. Jem, Scout, and their friend Dill go downtown to check on Atticus and, by chance, arrive at the same time as a group of very angry men, who have come to kidnap Tom Robinson and kill him. Scout recognizes one of the men in the group as Walter Cunningham, the father of a boy in her class at school, and her friendliness embarrasses the man so much that he changes his mind and talks the mob to leave Tom.
The next day, at the trial, Atticus' questions make it clear that Mayella Ewell and her father are lying about the rape: Tom Robinson is innocent. Scout , Jem and their close friend Dill witness the trial. Even though they are young they can see that Mr. Robinson is innocent. But although Mr. Robinson’s innocence was clear even in the eyes of kids, the jury members convict him because their prejudices prevent them from taking a black man's word against two whites. Atticus is now a hero to the black community of Maycomb, but Bob Ewell, Mayella's father, swears to "get" Atticus for showing him as a liar in front of the whole town.
Since the verdict, Tom Robinson has given up any hope of getting justice from the courts and the same night he desperately tries to escape from the prison, and is shot dead. Jem and Dill, already bitter over the result of the trial, decide to be with Atticus when he tells Tom's wife of the death, and they are deeply affected by her grief.
Summer is finished and Dill returns to his house in Mississipi and Scout and Jem’s lifes return to normally. Everybody in the town seem to have forgotten the latest tragic events.
By the time Halloween comes around and there is a school show planned and Scout, has been cast in the role of one of Maycomb's most important agricultural products- a ham. After the show Scout decides to walk home still dressed in her bulky costume because she has forgotten her dress in the school, with Jem leading the way. The cowardly Bob Ewell, seeing an opportunity to get revenge on Atticus through his children, follows the children down a dark street and tries to kill them. In the confusion that follows Scout realizes that another adult has appeared and is fighting on their side. It is none other than Boo Radley, who had seen the attack from his window. Boo stabs Bob Ewell to death, and carries the wounded Jem home.
Yet at home all is confusion and Atticus calls the doctor and the sheriff to come to his home. When the sheriff arrives asks Scout if she had been able to distiguish the fight but she answers she wasn’t because of the darkness although she at first thought that was Jem who pushed the man who had captured her. The sheriff asks her who, then, was the man who had helped them, and she answered “he is there, Mr. Tate, behind the door”. The sheriff notices that the man is Boo and tells him “good evening Mr. Arthur”.
Meanwhile, Atticus thinks that Jem is the one who has killed Bob Ewell and is trying to order his ideas to improve Jem’s problem. But the sheriff tells him that Jem did not kill Bob Ewell. Atticus thinks that the sheriff is trying to protect his son. But the sheriff insists that Jem did not kill him. He knows that Boo Radley is the person who killed Mr Ewell and he, as the sheriff, will not permit anyone to expose Mr Radley to the grateful people in town for saving the two children.
The sheriff decides to file a report saying that Bob Ewell fell on his own knife and died. Atticus asks Scout if she understand what has happened. And Scout answers that she understands it, because on the other hand, it would be like to kill a mockingbird.
Scout never sees Boo Radley again after that night, but she has learned that he was a good man not the frightening man that she and the other children imagined him to be. She has learned a lesson about understanding and tolerance. And through the sheriff's action she sees that sometimes there can be justice and compassion in the world.
THE CHARACTERS
· SCOUT
Jean Louise Finch, whose nickname is Scout, is only five-and-a-half years old when the novel begins, but she is a complex and interesting personality yet. Scout's mother died when she was two and her father is a man in his fifties who has no idea of how to play with his children or talk to them on their own level. Scout has taught herself to read at an early age, and she has a vocabulary equal to that of many adults. Her habit of speaking her mind in the presence of adults makes Scout often seem older than her years. In fact her first day in the first grade, Scout thinks of herself and her schoolmates as little adults, who must take care of the confused first-year teachers.

Scout is also a kind of an outsider. She is still not completely accepted by her brother Jem and their friend Dill. We never hear of her having any close friends of her own age, either boys or girls. And in contrast to Jem, who is constantly disappointed by the faults of human nature, Scout deals with the bad news calmly, because her sense of humor seems to protect her from the disapointments.

Moreover, Scout is not only the most important character in the novel, she is alson the narrator. Everything that happens is seen through her eyes. I think the author chooses a child to analize the events occured during a period of time to make us see that the main issue of the novel is simple justice. And Scout as a child and in her innocence is able to see it.
In my opinion, Scout is not only interesting but highly believable. Perhaps this is because we all recall times from our own childhood when we were smarter and more aware than adults thought we were. Scout is able to put this awareness into words. Furthermore, Scout's sense of humor- and her unexpected mistakes and misunderstandings- save her from being a smart know-all.
  • ATTICUS FINCH
    Atticus Finch sets a standard of morality that no other character in the book comes close to getting. Atticus is a studious man whose behavior is governed by reason. Once he decides that something is right, he perseveres regardless of threats or criticisms.
    But Atticus is not a crusader. The Tom Robinson case was not one he volunteered to handle- the judge assigned him the case because he felt Atticus would do his best to win. Atticus' desire to avoid conflict when possible is another quality that the author obviously wants us to admire.
  • JEM

Scout's older brother Jeremy, or Jem Finch changes considerably over the course of the novel. At first you see him as Scout's playmate and equal. Once the children start school, however, Jem becomes more aware of the difference in age between himself and his sister. He doesn't want her to embarrass him in front of his fifth-grade friends. And later he and Dill develop a friendship from which Scout is partly excluded because she is a girl.
Jem is also the more thoughtful and introverted of the Finch children. Unlike Scout, who is a fighter by temperament, Jem seems determined to obey his father's request to avoid fighting. He lets his anger build inside. At the time of the trial, Jem is probably the only person in town who really believes that justice will be done and Tom Robinson found innocent. When this does not happen, his disappointment is so great that for a time he can't talk about the incident.
By the end of the story Jem is almost grownup. Apparently, he seems quicker than Scout to put the trial behind, but inwardly he has been more disturbed than Scout by the events of the trial. Some people think that Jem's broken arm at the end of the story is a sign that he will be wounded forever by what he has observed.

  • CALPURNIA
    Calpurnia is the black cook and housekeeper for the Finches. She is treated almost as if she was a member of the family. In some ways she even takes the place of Scout and Jem's dead mother.
    Harper Lee treats Calpurnia as admirable because she has made the best of her opportunities. She learned to read and to write when no black people had any opportunity to learn. Calpurnia has a sense of self-worth that is not affected by the opinions of people around her. This is a way in which she resembles Atticus.
  • DILL
    Charles Baker Harris, known as Dill, is Jem and Scout's first friend from outside Maycomb. In many aspects Dill is a contrast to Jem and Scout. They come from an old family, and have a father who loves them very much. But Dill is an unwanted child. He has no father, and his mother does not want to be bothered with him.
    In his short life Dill has seen and done many things that Jem and Scout have not; on the other hand, Dill's stories are not always true; some are a product of his lively imagination. Dill's imagination is the cause that the children dream of ways to make Boo Radley go out of his house. In this sense Dill is responsible for setting the action of the plot into motion.

ARTHUR RADLEY
Even though you do not see Arthur Radley, called Boo Radley by the children, until the final chapters of the book, he is important throughout the story. You know very little for certain about Boo's life. The one reliable story you are told is that he was a normal teenager who then made friends with a wild crowd. When he got into a minor problem and was threatened with being sent away to a state school, Arthur's father promised that he would keep him out of trouble from then on. From that day Boo was never seen outside the house.
At the end of the book, even as you know that Boo is the killer of Bob Ewell, he seems less frightening now than he did before. Scout sees that he is really a shy, harmless man- a middle-aged child. In fact, by the final scene of the novel the roles of Boo and Scout are changed- he is the innocent child and Scout, still a child in years, is playing the part of the adult, protecting Boo from a world too complex for him to understand.
OTHER ELEMENTS

  • SETTING
    To Kill a Mockingbird is set in Maycomb County, an imaginary district in southern Alabama. The time is the early 1930s, the years of the Great Depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread in the United States. Scout's family, the Finches, belong to the elite of local society. Atticus Finch is an educated man who goes to work in a clean shirt. The family owns a nice house and can afford to hire a black housekeeper. Still, the Finches are well situated only in comparison with the farm families who live in the same county. They, too, have little money.
    Of course, the most important difference between the South of the 1930s and the South today is that in the 1930s a system of segregation was in force. Blacks and whites were forbidden by law to mix in schools, in movie theaters, or on trains. They could not use the same rest rooms or drink from the same water fountains. Blacks had very little opportunity to get an education. Many kinds of jobs were not open to them. Black people were not allowed to vote. Nor could they serve on juries, not even when the defendant was a black man. Any black person (and, for that matter, any white) who challenged the system of segregation publicly would have been in serious danger of being killed by prosegregation fanatics. So Atticus Finch is risking his life for defending a black man against the white man’s accusation.
  • STRUCTURE
    Although it seems that some chapters and parts of chapters could be lifted out of the pages of the book and read as stories in their own right- for example, the story of Atticus and the mad dog, or the chapter dealing with the death of Mrs. Dubose, if you read carefully, you will see that the structure of the novel is not quite so simple as it seems at first glance. I think those stories are a way of bringing nearer Atticus’ personality.
    The novel is divided into two parts. In part one, Scout, Jem, and Dill are absorbed in childish games and fantasies. In part two, they begin, to put away childish things. You may notice that events in the early part of the novel, which at the time seemed amusing, foreshadow something that occurs later on. For example, Scout's meeting with the Cunningham and Ewell boys in the first grade prepares us for our later meeting with the adult members of these families.
  • THEMES
    There are many different themes present in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. The first of them is “Prejudice”. The whole story revolves around the prejudice views of this Southern community. In fact the only reason why the trial is going on is because white people views towards blacks in the south. Bob Ewell, the rape victim’s father, is embarrassed because his daughter is actually flirting with a black man. To combat this he falsely accuses the innocent Mr. Robinson of rape. If it wasn’t for the prejudice view which existed in the south the accusation would had never been brought against Mr. Robinson. These prejudice views in the south created a double standard of justice. With all the negative points that can be found in the story regarding to prejudice, there was a bright spot when it is dealed through Atticus’ eyes. Atticus represented hope. Hope that good people still exist. Even in a society filled with hate. Atticus represented the hope that one day things can change
    Another theme I would like to remark is the transition from innocence to experience. At the beginning of the story Scout's world is limited to the boundaries of her immediate neighborhood. She feels safe and secure, and totally confident that the way things are done in her home is not just the right way, but the only way. The arrival of Dill, gives Scout her first hint of a variety of experiences beyond her narrow. Scout who comes from a good home is awaken to the different quality of life that exists and is able to come to a conclusion that life exists beyond the world she knows. Through these experiences she grows more tolerant of others, learning how to "climb into another person's skin and walk around in it." She also learns that her father is an extra-ordinary man, fighting for a Negro's rights in court. During Tom Robinson’s trial Scout learns about equality and inequality and finally about racial prejudice. By the final chapters of the novel Scout learns that good people can still suffer injustice. She discovers that the courts does not always result in justice. In the end after all of Scout’s experiences and discoveries we get the sense that she will not follow the prejudice views which her society upholds. In the end Scout had matured and grown more as a kid, than many adults will do in there lifetime.
    Finally the third theme I would remark is “Justice”, not in a legal sense but simple justice. In the story To Kill a Mockingbird the author, Harper Lee describes true justice as a concept than can be easily seen through innocent eyes. Scout and her brother, being the innocent, can clearly see the injustice being done to Mr. Robinson. In contrary to Scout and her brother, the older people in the town, the people who have lived through different experiences, decide to ignore the true justice. This is clearly seen when they sentence an innocent man to death. So I feel that Harper Lee is connecting justice with innocence to a certain point. In my opinion Harper Lee describes justice as something that, in general terms, everybody can easily detect.
  • LANGUAGE/STYLE
    The vocabulary used in the book is, in general terms simple, moreover the one used for the dialogues. Nevertheless, when the author describes places, situations, persons..., she uses a difficult and unfamiliar vocabulary, at least, for me. For that reason, I think the author uses a colloquial, everyday speech and informal vocabulary mixed with formal vocabulary for the descriptions. Harper Lee does not use jargon vocabulary and although she studied the career of Law, she does not use the legal jargon in the chapters dedicated to the trial.
    When Harper Lee uses specific words referring to places, people, situations, etc, the narrator explain us their meaning, so the reader does not feel lost into the plot. Regarding to the use of words with particular connotations I only have found one “nigger” or “negro” referring despectively to black people.
    The sentences used in the dialogues are short except when Scout looses herself in her own thoughts or when the author is describing in great detail.
  • Would I recommend this book?
    I would definitely recommend people to read the book To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. I found it to be an interesting and powerful book. I feel the book does a great job in portraying the extreme prejudice that existed in the south at that time and how justice can be altered through racism. I also think that the themes found in the book are themes which can still be found in our current society and that makes it the more interesting. You can even prove that prejudice still has an effect in our legal system today. So if you are looking for a powerful book about the battle for justice I would highly recommend To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee.
    Finally, I think is a delightful novel which with some humour touches tells us a tragic story which will remain in our memory for a long time. I have read it several times and, with no hesitation, I can say that is my favourite novel since I was fourteen years old. Now is the first time I have read it in english and its last sentence, as ever, makes me cry.

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